Fundamental molecules

 TOPIC#2             FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

INTRODUCTION:

    In previous blog we have studied that the living bodies have 16 chemical elements(bioelements) in which 6 elements are commom elements(oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,sulphur,nitrogen,phosphorous) and 10 elements are Trace elements means present less than 1%(calcium,manganese,potassium,iron,copper,chlorine,magnesium,zinc,iodine,sodium) and these elements combine to form molecules and compounds but here we are studying living organisms so we will called it biological molecules or biological compounds.

In previous blog we have also studied the organic and inorganic compound here in this chapter the basic point is that here in this chapter we will focus on the organic compounds(carbohydrates,lipids,proteinsetc) and inorganic compounds(water,salts)  which are related to living organisms.

Organic compound:

  The following are some biological molecules having important role in living organism;

here its just introduction of these molecules in next blogs I will explain it one by one in detail.

1-Carbohydrates:

          They are polyhdroxy aldehydes or ketones or substance which yield such compound on hydrolysis.

Primary source of energy.

They are most abundant organic compound on earth.

They are also called hydrated carbon.

Used in respiration for energy processes.

Building material of plant cell.

Mostly stored as reserved food in cell.

2-Proteins:

 The most abundant organic food in protoplasm of cells.

It is polymer or macromolecule made up of monomers(amino acid).

Most important role in structure and function of cell.

Enzymes are protein in nature except one enzyme which is made up of  RNA.

3-Lipids:

It is seperate diverse group of organic compound in protoplasm.

Act as living cell storage food and building material of cellular organelles.

Having more energetic than other organic compounds.

4-Nucleic acid:

     It is mainly DNA and RNA.

It is important type of fundamental organic molecules of cell performing specific functions.

DNA stores genetic information and transfer these information to next generation.

DNA and RNA are involved in synthesis of Protein molecules.

These all organic molecules have different functional groups which add diversity to them these functional groups are hydroxylgroup(alcohol),carboxyl group,aldehyde group and amine group etc.   

Inorganic compounds:

1-Water:

 water is vital for living organism.

Protoplasm needs water to perform its proper functions.

Protoplasm have 70-90% water.

Protoplasm becomes die when water level becomes lows as 10%.

It is also Universal solvent which dissolves all solutes.

2-Inorganic salts:

cells have almost 1% salts which are necessary for most biochemical functions.

Here it is just introduction of organic and inorganic compounds in next blogs we will study all of them one by one in detail.

The organic compounds form and reform by just two type of reactions which are discussed below:

1-Condensation:

  Large organic molecules or macromolecules are formed from particular small organic molecules or subunits called monomers by removal of water molecule is called condensation.

It is dehydration reaction.

It is also called Anabolism.

In this reaction Energy is conserved.

In this reactions bonds are formed like peptide bond and glycosidic bond.

Example:

Amino acid + aminoacid =  Protein + water.

2-Hydrolysis:

In this reaction polymers are broken down into monomers by addition of water.

It is also called hydration reaction.

Also called catabolism.

In this reaction energy is released.

Examples:

Starch + water= Glucose + Glucose+Glucose 

IMPORTANT MCQS IN THIS TOPIC:

1-The elements which make less than 1% protoplasm of cells are called:

Answer: TRACE ELEMENTS 

2-The primary source of energy is:

Answer: CARBOHYDRATES

3-Which organic compound used for energy purposes in respiration:

Answer: CARBOHYDRATES

4-The most strucurally diverse group of organic compound is:

Answer: LIPIDS

5-The most functionally diverse group of organic compound is:

Answer: PROTEINS

6-Which organic compound help in transfer of genetic information:

Answer: NUCLEIC ACID

7-Enzymes are _ in nature:

Answer: PROTEINS

8-In which reaction energy is conserved:

Answer: CONDENSATION

9-The catabolism reaction is also called:

Answer: HYDROLYSIS

10-The dehydrating reaction is also called:

Answer: CONDENSATION

11-In which reaction energy is released:

Answer: HYDROLYSIS

12-Which organic compound is richest source of energy:

Answer: LIPIDS

IT IS JUST INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM NEXT BLOGS WE WILL EXPLAIN EACH TOPIC IN DETAIL IN SHA ALLAH.

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