Biological molecules

 TOPIC#1     INTRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

  Everything in the Universe is made up of chemical elements(like oxygen,hydrogen etc) and these elements are in turn made up of atoms and these atoms combine to form molecules and compound.

Here in this chapter we will study the biological molecules means the molecules which are related to living organisms.

Here we will mostly focus on human body and the chemical process occurs in it.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

       The science of biology that deals with the structure,function and composition of molecules that are present in living bodies and chemical processes occurs in them.

Till to this date 118 elements are discovered out of these 16 elements are found in living bodies.

Total elements found in living bodies are 16 called as bioelements but most common are 6 which are Hydrogen,Carbon,Nitrogen,Oxygen,phosphorous and Sulphur.

Out of these 6 the Hydrogen,carbon and oxygen composed 95% of human body by weight.

Common elements by percentage in human body:

      Simply keep in mind a word called "CHONPS"

CHONPS EXPLAINATION:

 C means carbon 18.5% in human body.

H means hydrogen 9.5% in human body.

O means oxygen 65% in human body.

N means Nitrogen 3.3 or 3% in human body.

P means phosphorous 0.85 or 2% in human body.

S means sulphur 0.03% or 1% in human body.

Out of 16 bioelements these 6 bioelements mostly make 97-99% of human body Protoplasm  and remaining 10 elements which are potassium,calcium,chlorine,sodium ,magnesium,copper,manganese,zinc,iodine,iron which make 1% of human body protoplasm.

As we study earlier these atoms or elements form molecules or compounds by bonding with each other. on this base we have two different types of compounds 1-organic 2-Inorganic.

1- ORGANIC COMPOUND:

           The bonding of oxygen,hydrogen and nitrogen and other atoms to Carbon atoms forms the compound called as Organic compound.

Examples

     Proteins,carbohydrates,Enzymes and lipids etc.

The main functions of these compounds are that they characterize and function of cell organelle.

The carbon have ability of bonding with other carbon atoms called as catenation due to this property the form skeleton of different organic compounds and give shape to  different organelles.

2-INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

                 Those compound which lacks carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen covalent bonding.

Examples:

   Water,silicon atom etc.

Water is inorganic compound which is present abundant in protoplasm .Protoplasm contain 70-90% of water.Protoplasm is live and active because of water.

Now we will take overview of bacterial cell and mamallian cell on basis of composition of organic and inorganic compound.

CONTENTS          BACTERIAL CELL           MAMMALIAN CELL

Water                           70%                                        70%

Proteins                        15%                                        18%

Carbohydrates              3%                                          4%

Lipids                           2%                                           3%

DNA                              1%                                         0.25%

RNA                              6%                                        1.1%

Enzymes,hormones      2%                                         2%

Inorganic ions etc.        1%                                         1%

 Now we will study more about these elements and compounds in next blog IN SHA ALLAH.

IMPORTANT MCQS IN THIS TOPIC:

1-There are_bioelements in human body:

Answer: 16

2-The CHO composed _perecent of human body by weight:

Answer: 95%

3-Water are almost _-fourth by weight of cell:

Answer: three

4-The most abundant organic compound in cell:

Answer: PROTEIN

5-The most common chemical elements are:

Answer:  6 

6-The bacterial cell contain_percent of DNA by weight:

Answer: 1%

7-The phosphroous is - perecent by weight:

Answer: 0.85 or 2%

8-The protoplasm contain_percent water:

Answer:  70-90%

9-The mammalian cell have_percent carbohydrates:

Answer: 4%

10-The oxygen percentage by weight in human body:

Answer: 65%

11-The percentage of Enzymes in mammalian cell:

Answer: 2%

12-Protoplasm dies when water content lows as _percent:

Answer: 10%

13-The most abundant organic compound on earth is:

Answer: CARBOHYDRATES

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