proteins

TOPIC#9        PROTEINS 

INTRODUCTION:

                   It is the most abundant organic compound in the cell.It is important for all cellular functions.It contains oxygen,carbon,hydrogen and also contain sulphur.

DEFINITION:

          The macromolecule or the polymer made up of monomers aminoacids.

AMINOACIDS:

          It is the unit of protein.It is organic molecule in which carbon is central carbon and four different groups are attached to central carbon.

out of these four different groups the three groups are fixed in each aminoacid.these three groups are HYDROGEN ATOM,CARBOXYL GROUP,AMINO GROUP present in every aminoacid.

While one group is variable group which is different in each aminoacid called as R-group are alkyl group and every aminoacid is named and identified through this group.

Simply difference in aminoacids is bexause of R-group.

MCQ POINT:

In cells and tisssue 170 aminoacids are present.

Only 20 aminoacids are involve in protein formation and called as protein unit.

6 out of these 20 amio acids are non polar aminoacids and it is classified on basis of R-group.

6 are called as polar aminoacids.

3 are called  as Aromatic aminoacids.

3 are called as positive charge aminoacids.

2 are called as negative charge aminoacids.

Simplest aminoacid is Glycolate.

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These 20 different types aminoacids combine with each other through peptide bond and form thousand of proteins.

PEPTIDE BOND:

   This bond is formed between aminoacids to form protein.

Peptide bond is actually bond between amino group of one aminoacid and carboxyl group of another aminoacid.

This reaction is also called dehydration or condensation reaction because water is produced as by product during this reaction.

A chain contain 3 aminoacids  and 2 peptide bonds is called dipetide bond.

A chain contain 4 aminoacids and 3 peptide bonds called as tripeptide bond.

In chain if any aminoacid is displaced or replaced it change overall structure of protein.

A chain contain many aminoacids and many peptide bonds called as polypeptide bond.

Many protein molecules have polypeptide cahins like heamoglobin and insulin.

Our body use right handed sugar and left handed aminoacids while bacteria use right handed aminoacids.

MCQ POINTS:

Dipeptide chain have 3 aminoacids but Dipeptide compound have 2 aminoacids and 2 peptide bonds.

Heamoglobin have 4 polypeptide chain and 570 peptide bonds and 574 aminoacids.

Insulin have 2 polypeptide chains and 49 peptide bonds and 51 aminoacid.

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SHAPE OF PROTEIN:

As regard shape of protein,protein are classified into two types:

1-FIBROUS PROTEIN:

The molecules of fibrous proteins are composed of one or more polypeptide chain,which are arranged in linearly in form of fibers and sheeths.

EXAMPLES:

 The examples of fibrous protein are collagen(found in skin,tendons,ligaments),keratin(found in hairs,nails,furs and outer skin),myosin(found in muscles).

2-GLOBULAR PROTEIN:

        Globular proteins are spherical in shape due to polypeptide chains.

EXAMPLES:

   Heamoglobin,Albumen of egg white,antibodies and the membrane of cell membrane.

MCQ POINTS:

Fibrous protein are insoluble in water.

Globular protein is soluble in water.

Collagen is abundant protein higher vertebrates.

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STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN:

There are four level of organization of proteins.

This is because each type of polypeptide chain bends,folds and twist in particular way within a protein molecule.This gives protein molecule a characteristic structure that classifies protein molecules into four different types.

1-PRIMARY STRUCTURE:

     The primary structure is the sequnce of aminoacids joined together by peptide bonds.

Its example is Insulin molecule andfirst determined by sanger in 1951.

2-SECONDARY STRUCTURE:

      When linear structure of aminoacids become spirally coiled this structure is called secondary structure.

its example is keratin fibrous protein.

3-TERTIARY STRUCTURE:

      When secondary structure of protein is arranged into three dimensional structure it is called as tertiary structure.

Its example is myoglobin single polypeptide chain.

4-QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE:

     When two or more polypeptide chain are arranged into large size molecule it is called as quartenary structure.

Its example is heamoglobin having 4 polypeptide chain.

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN:

1-It perform most important functions in life og living organism and it is abundant in cell.

2-The building block of biological membrane as a conjugated molecule lipoprotein.

3-All enzymes are protein which caries ot all reactions in cell.

4-The digestive enzymes are also proteins which carries out digestion process.

5-Some hormones are proteins which regulates biochemical processes.

6-Myosin and actin are proteins present in muscles help in muscle movement.

7-Heamoglobin is oxygen carrying protein present in blood.

8-In animals protein form nails,furs,skin and claws etc.

9-In plants proteins form most seeds important for future life of embryoes i.e beans and pulses etc.

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IMPORTANT MCQS IN THIS TOPIC:

1-The most abundant organic compound in cell is:

Answer: PROTEINS

2-The proteins are formed from _aminoacids:

Answer: 20 DIFFERENT TYPE

3-_groups are attached to central carbon in aminoacids:

Answer: 4 group

4-1 aminoacid have _nucleotides:

Answer:3

5-Aminoacids are classified on base of _group:

Answer: R GROUP

6-Which protein is present in cornea of eye:

Answer: COLLAGEN

7-_simplest aminoacid is called:

Answer: GLYCOLATE

8-_aminoacids are present in cells and tissues:

Answer: 170

9-peptide bond is present in between _elements:

Answer: CARBON-NITROGEN

10-Dipeptide compound have_aminoacids:

Answer: 2 

11-Myoglobin have _polypeptide chain:

Answer: 1 

12-Heamoglobin have_peptide bonds:

Answer: 4

13-In heamoglobin sickle cell glutamine is replaced by:

Answer: VALINE

14--The sickle cell carries _percent of oxygen:

Answer: 75%

15-There are_non polar aminoacids:

Answer: 6

16-There are_type of negative aminoacids:

Answer: 2

17-In nails _type of protein is present:

Answer: FIBROUS

18-Which type of protein is insoluble in water:

Answer: FIBROUS

19-Humans use _handed sugars:

Answer: RIGHT

20-Humans use _handed aminoacids:

Answer: LEFT

21-Baxteria use _handed aminoacids:

Answer: RIGHT

22-Which type of protein is soluble in water:

Answer: GLOBULAR

23-Myoglobin have_structure:

Answer: TERTIARY

24-Heamoglobin function in _structure:

Answer: TERTIARY

25-Heamoglobin have_structure:

Answer: QUARTERNARY

26-_percent is normal glucose in blood:

Answer:0.08%

27-The medium pof life is:

Answer: WATER    

28-Theronine is _genetic code aminoacids:

Answer: SINGLE

29-In tendons and ligaments _protein is present:

Answer: COLLAGEN

30-_type of protein is present in albumin white egg:

Answer: GLOBULAR

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